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统招专升本英语倒装从句难点解析

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> 倒装句和三大从句是专升本英语语法中“难度最高、最容易混淆”的板块。很多同学遇到倒装句分不清完全倒装和部分倒装,遇到从句题分不清定语从句和名词性从句、关系代词和关系副词。本文按“倒装句→定语从句→名词性从句→状语从句”顺序,逐一拆解难点与易错点,助你攻克语法难关。

第一部分:倒装句

一、倒装句的基本概念

英语句子的正常语序是“主语 + 谓语”。倒装是指将谓语的一部分或全部提到主语之前。

| 类型 | 结构 | 示例 |
|------|------|------|
| 完全倒装 | 谓语动词完全移到主语前 | Here comes the bus. |
| 部分倒装 | 助动词/情态动词/be动词移到主语前 | Never have I seen such a sight. |

二、完全倒装(考点相对简单)

适用条件:以方位/地点副词或介词短语开头的句子,主语为名词。

常见引导词:here, there, now, then, in, out, up, down, away, off, in front of, on the wall等。

结构:地点状语/方位副词 + 谓语动词 + 主语(名词)

例句

  • Here comes the bus.
  • In front of the house stands a tall tree.
  • Down fell the rain.

> 注意:如果主语是人称代词,则不能倒装
> ✅ Here comes the teacher.(名词作主语 → 倒装)
> ❌ Here comes he.(代词作主语 → 错误)
> ✅ Here he comes.(代词作主语 → 正常语序)

三、部分倒装(绝对重点)

① 否定词或否定短语置于句首

常见否定词:never, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, nowhere, not, no longer, by no means, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances等。

结构:否定词 + 助动词/be/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词

例句

  • Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.(我从未见过如此美景)
  • Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.(他刚到就下雨了)
  • Not only did he complain, but he also refused to pay.(他不仅抱怨,还拒绝付款)

特别提示:not only...but also...中,not only部分倒装,but also部分不倒装

② only + 状语置于句首

结构:Only + 状语(副词/介词短语/从句)+ 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语

例句

  • Only then did I realize the truth.(直到那时我才意识到真相)
  • Only by working hard can you succeed.(只有通过努力你才能成功)
  • Only when he arrived did we start the meeting.(只有当他到达时我们才开始会议)

> 注意:如果only修饰主语,则不倒装
> ✅ Only he can answer the question.(修饰主语 → 不倒装)

③ so/such...that结构,so/such置于句首

结构:So + 形容词/副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语 + that从句

例句

  • So fast did he run that I couldn‘t catch him.(他跑得太快了,我追不上)
  • Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows broke.(爆炸的威力如此之大,所有的窗户都碎了)

④ as/though引导让步状语从句的倒装

结构:形容词/副词/名词/动词 + as/though + 主语 + 谓语

例句

  • Young as he is, he knows a lot.(虽然年轻,但他懂得很多)
  • Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.(尽管他试了,还是打不开)
  • Child as he is, he can speak three languages.(虽然是个孩子,他能说三种语言)

> 注意:名词提前时,冠词要省略。(Child as he is,不能说“A child as he is”)

⑤ may表示祝愿的倒装

例句:May you succeed! Long live the king!

四、倒装句高频易错点

| 易错点 | 正确理解 | 错误示例 |
|--------|----------|----------|
| 代词作主语不倒装 | 方位副词+人称代词时,不倒装 | ❌ Here comes he. → ✅ Here he comes. |
| only+状语才倒装 | only修饰主语不倒装 | ❌ Only he can come?这里不是倒装句 |
| not only...but also | 只有not only部分倒装 | 前后部分都要倒装?错误 |
| 否定词在句中不倒装 | 只有句首才倒装 | ❌ I never have seen... → ✅ Never have I seen... |

第二部分:三大从句

一、定语从句

定义:在句中充当定语的从句,修饰名词或代词(先行词)。

考点:关系代词与关系副词的选择。

1.1 关系代词 vs 关系副词(核心判断方法)

| 关系词 | 先行词 | 在从句中充当的成分 |
|--------|--------|-------------------|
| who | 人 | 主语、宾语 |
| whom | 人 | 宾语(介词后) |
| whose | 人/物 | 定语(……的) |
| which | 物 | 主语、宾语 |
| that | 人/物 | 主语、宾语 |
| when | 时间 | 时间状语 |
| where | 地点 | 地点状语 |
| why | 原因 | 原因状语 |

判断步骤
1. 先看先行词是“人”“物”还是“时间/地点/原因”
2. 再看关系词在从句中作什么成分
3. 作主语/宾语 → 用关系代词(who/which/that)
4. 作状语 → 用关系副词(when/where/why)

> 例题
> (1)I will never forget the day when we first met.
> → 先行词the day(时间),从句“we first met”不缺主语宾语 → 用when(作时间状语)
>
> (2)I will never forget the day that/which we spent together.
> → 先行词the day(时间),从句“we spent”缺宾语(spent the day) → 用that/which(作宾语)

1.2 关系代词的选择

| 情况 | 只能用that | 不能用that |
|------|------------|------------|
| 先行词是all, everything, nothing, something等不定代词 | ✅ | — |
| 先行词被序数词/最高级修饰 | ✅ | — |
| 先行词被the only, the very, the same修饰 | ✅ | — |
| 非限制性定语从句(有逗号) | ❌ | — |
| 介词+关系代词 | ❌ | — |

1.3 限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

| 对比项 | 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
|--------|----------------|------------------|
| 有无逗号 | 无逗号 | 有逗号 |
| 能否省略 | 省略后句意不完整 | 省略后句意仍完整 |
| 关系词 | that/which均可 | 不能用that,用which |
| 翻译 | “……的” | 另起一句,译为并列句 |

例句

  • 限制性:Students who study hard will pass the exam.(努力学习的学生会通过考试)
  • 非限制性:Students, who are often busy, have little time for exercise.(学生通常很忙,没时间锻炼)

二、名词性从句

定义:在句中充当名词成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)的从句。

2.1 四种名词性从句

| 类型 | 引导词 | 位置 |
|------|--------|------|
| 主语从句 | that, whether, what, who, where, when, why, how | 主语位置 |
| 宾语从句 | 同上 | 动词/介词后 |
| 表语从句 | 同上 | 系动词后 |
| 同位语从句 | that, whether, wh-词 | 抽象名词后(fact, idea, news等) |

2.2 名词性从句的连接词

| 引导词 | 作不作成分 | 有无词义 |
|--------|------------|----------|
| that | 不作成分 | 无词义(只起连接作用) |
| whether/if | 不作成分 | “是否” |
| what, who, which, when, where, why, how | 作成分 | 保留疑问含义 |

2.3 三大核心区别

① that和what的区别(绝对重点)

  • that:在从句中不作任何成分,无词义
  • what:在从句中作成分(主语/宾语/表语),有词义“……的东西/事情”

> 区分方法:看从句是否“缺成分”——缺成分用what,不缺成分用that。

例题

  • __What__ he said is true.(he said缺宾语,用what)
  • __That__ he is honest is well known.(he is honest不缺成分,用that)

② whether和if的区别

| 情况 | whether | if |
|------|---------|-----|
| 引导主语从句(句首) | ✅ | ❌ |
| 引导表语从句 | ✅ | ❌ |
| 引导同位语从句 | ✅ | ❌ |
| 引导动词宾语从句 | ✅ | ✅(可互换) |
| 引导介词宾语从句 | ✅ | ❌ |
| 与or not连用 | ✅ | ❌(只能用whether) |

③ 疑问词引导的名词性从句

  • 连接代词:what, who, which(作主语/宾语/表语)
  • 连接副词:when, where, why, how(作状语)
  • 语序:陈述句语序(不是疑问句语序)

> ❌ I don‘t know where is he.
> ✅ I don’t know where he is.

2.4 It作形式主语的主语从句

当主语从句较长时,常用it作形式主语,将真正的主语从句后置。

结构:It + be + 形容词/名词/过去分词 + that从句

常见句式

  • It is clear/obvious that...
  • It is important/necessary that...
  • It is said/reported/believed that...
  • It is a pity/fact that...

三、状语从句

定义:在句中充当状语的从句,修饰主句的动词或整个句子。

3.1 九种状语从句及引导词

| 类型 | 常用引导词 | 注意 |
|------|------------|------|
| 时间状语 | when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as | — |
| 地点状语 | where, wherever | — |
| 原因状语 | because, since, as, now that | — |
| 条件状语 | if, unless, as long as, provided that | — |
| 让步状语 | although, though, even if, even though, while(句首) | — |
| 目的状语 | so that, in order that, lest | — |
| 结果状语 | so...that, such...that | — |
| 比较状语 | than, as...as, the more...the more | — |
| 方式状语 | as, as if, as though | — |

3.2 易混淆连词辨析

① because, since, as, for

| 连词 | 语气 | 位置 | 说明 |
|------|------|------|------|
| because | 最强 | 主句前/后 | 直接回答“why”——原因状语从句 |
| since | 较强 | 主句前 | 表示“既然”——已知原因 |
| as | 较弱 | 主句前 | 语气最弱 |
| for | 最弱 | 主句后 | 并列连词,补充说明 |

② although/though vs despite/in spite of

  • although/though:连词,接句子
  • despite/in spite of:介词,接名词/代词/动名词

> ✅ Although he was tired, he kept working.
> ✅ Despite his tiredness, he kept working.
> ❌ Despite he was tired, he kept working.

③ so...that vs such...that

| 结构 | 用法 |
|------|------|
| so + 形容词/副词 + that | 修饰形容词/副词 |
| such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that | 修饰名词 |

④ until的用法

  • 主句动词是延续性动词(wait, stay, live, work等)→ 用肯定式
  • 主句动词是短暂性动词(leave, start, arrive, finish等)→ 用否定式(not...until)

> ✅ I waited until he came.(wait是延续性动词)
> ✅ I didn‘t leave until he came.(leave是短暂性动词,用否定式)

3.3 状语从句的省略

当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语包含be动词时,可省略“主语+be”。

> When (you are) in doubt, ask the teacher.
> He acted as if (he was) sure of success.

3.4 状语从句易错点

| 易错点 | 正确理解 |
|--------|----------|
| although与but不能连用 | 一个句子只能用其中一个 |
| because与so不能连用 | 一个句子只能用其中一个 |
| unless本身含否定意义 | unless = if...not |

四、考前速记口诀

倒装句口诀

  • 否定词句首,部分倒装;only状语,部分倒装;so/such句首,部分倒装;as/though让步倒装,词提前。

定语从句口诀

  • 先行词缺主宾,关系代词用which/that/who;先行词不缺成分,关系副词when/where/why。

名词性从句口诀

  • 缺啥补啥用what,啥都不缺用that;whether句首表“是否”,if只能宾语用。

> 倒装句和三大从句的考点虽多,但规律明确。倒装句重点掌握否定词句首和only句首的部分倒装;定语从句核心是判断关系词在从句中作什么成分;名词性从句关键是区分that和what;状语从句关键是熟记连词含义。建议按“分类突破”的方式复习,每类做10-15道专项练习,逐一攻破。祝你语法高分!