英语六级医药健康类专业词汇——疾病、诊疗、预防、医保全板块规范译法
医药健康类话题在六级翻译和阅读中属于“低频但一旦出现就是硬骨头”的板块。从“新冠肺炎”到“心理健康”,从“医保体系”到“老龄化社会的医疗需求”,近年真题中健康类话题的占比稳步上升。这类翻译的难点在于:专业术语多、中英文表达习惯差异大、数字与单位表达必须精准。下面按疾病名称与症状、诊疗手段与药物、预防与公共卫生、医保与养老保障、心理健康五个板块,系统梳理核心词汇及规范译法。
一、疾病名称与症状——常见病、慢性病、传染病
| 中文 | 标准译法 | 核心提示 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 新冠肺炎 | COVID-19 | 全大写,连字符。不可写“new coronavirus pneumonia” |
| 流行病 | epidemic | — |
| 传染病 | infectious disease / communicable disease | 两者均可 |
| 慢性病 | chronic disease | 如 hypertension 高血压,diabetes 糖尿病 |
| 高血压 | high blood pressure / hypertension | hypertension 更正式 |
| 糖尿病 | diabetes | 患者称 diabetic |
| 心血管疾病 | cardiovascular disease | 缩写 CVD |
| 癌症 | cancer | 具体类型:lung cancer, breast cancer |
| 肿瘤 | tumor | 良性 benign tumor,恶性 malignant tumor |
| 病毒 | virus | 病毒传播:virus transmission |
| 变异病毒 | mutated virus / variant | 真题曾考“变异病毒从动物传给人类” |
| 症状 | symptom | 常见症状 common symptoms |
| 发烧 | fever | — |
| 咳嗽 | cough | — |
| 呼吸困难 | breathing difficulty / dyspnea | dyspnea 更专业 |
| 免疫力 | immunity | 增强免疫力 boost immunity |
| 疫苗 | vaccine | 接种疫苗 vaccinate / get vaccinated |
| 后遗症 | aftereffect / sequela | sequela 医学复数 sequelae |
真题语境(2020年6月):
> 新冠肺炎是一种急性感染性肺炎,其常见症状包括发烧、干咳、呼吸困难和乏力。
> COVID-19 is an acute infectious pneumonia, with common symptoms including fever, dry cough, breathing difficulty, and fatigue.
> 病毒的变异引起了一系列连锁反应,给全球防疫带来巨大挑战。
> The mutation of the virus has triggered a chain reaction, posing great challenges to global epidemic prevention.
二、诊疗手段与药物——检查、治疗、药品
| 中文 | 标准译法 | 核心提示 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 诊断 | diagnosis | 动词 diagnose |
| 治疗 | treatment / therapy | therapy 偏长期或心理治疗 |
| 化疗 | chemotherapy | 癌症治疗常用 |
| 放疗 | radiotherapy / radiation therapy | — |
| 手术 | surgery / operation | 进行手术 perform/undergo surgery |
| 预防 | prevention | — |
| 体检 | physical examination / health check-up | — |
| 筛查 | screening | 癌症筛查 cancer screening |
| 住院 | hospitalization | 动词 be hospitalized |
| 门诊 | outpatient service | 门诊病人 outpatient |
| 处方 | prescription | 开处方 write a prescription |
| 中草药 | herbal medicine / Chinese herbal medicine | — |
| 特效药 | specific medicine / effective drug | — |
| 临床试验 | clinical trial | — |
| 副作用 | side effect | — |
| 耐药性 | drug resistance | — |
| 康复 | recovery / rehabilitation | rehabilitation 侧重功能恢复 |
真题语境(2020年9月):
> 中国政府高度重视中医药在治疗新冠肺炎中的作用,积极推广中西医结合的治疗方案。
> The Chinese government attaches great importance to the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating COVID-19 and actively promotes a treatment plan combining TCM and Western medicine.
三、预防与公共卫生——防疫、健康管理
| 中文 | 标准译法 | 核心提示 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 公共卫生 | public health | — |
| 疫情防控 | epidemic prevention and control | 官方固定表达 |
| 隔离 | quarantine / isolation | 居家隔离 home quarantine;医学隔离 medical isolation |
| 社交距离 | social distancing | — |
| 健康码 | health code | 中国特有,直译即可 |
| 核酸检测 | nucleic acid test | 缩写 NAT |
| 疫苗接种 | vaccination / immunization | 大规模接种 mass vaccination |
| 口罩 | mask | 戴口罩 wear a mask |
| 洗手液 | hand sanitizer | — |
| 消毒 | disinfection | 动词 disinfect |
| 卫生习惯 | hygiene habits | — |
| 一线医护人员 | frontline medical workers | — |
| 医疗资源 | medical resources | — |
| 应急响应 | emergency response | — |
真题语境(2021年12月):
> 中国采取了最全面、最严格、最彻底的疫情防控措施。
> China has taken the most comprehensive, rigorous, and thorough measures for epidemic prevention and control.
四、医保与养老保障——健康背后的社会体系
健康话题往往与医疗体制、社会保障交织考查。
| 中文 | 标准译法 | 核心提示 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 医疗保险 | medical insurance | 基本医保 basic medical insurance |
| 全民医保 | universal medical coverage | — |
| 个人账户 | individual account | 医保账户结构 |
| 统筹基金 | pooling fund | — |
| 报销 | reimburse | 报销比例 reimbursement rate |
| 自费 | at one‘s own expense | — |
| 大病保险 | critical illness insurance | — |
| 医疗救助 | medical assistance | — |
| 长期护理保险 | long-term care insurance | 老龄化社会热门话题 |
| 养老 | elderly care | 养老服务 elderly care services |
| 医养结合 | integrated medical and nursing care | 官方政策术语 |
例句:
> 中国政府不断扩大医保覆盖范围,提高报销比例,减轻群众看病负担。
> The Chinese government has been expanding the coverage of medical insurance, raising reimbursement rates, and alleviating the financial burden of medical treatment on the public.
五、心理健康——近年新增长点
六级命题紧跟社会热点,心理健康(焦虑、抑郁、压力管理)已多次在阅读中出现。
| 中文 | 标准译法 | 核心提示 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 心理健康 | mental health | — |
| 精神健康 | psychological well-being | — |
| 抑郁症 | depression | — |
| 焦虑症 | anxiety disorder | — |
| 压力 | stress | 缓解压力 relieve stress |
| 心理咨询 | psychological counseling | — |
| 心理治疗 | psychotherapy | — |
| 心理干预 | psychological intervention | — |
| 情绪管理 | emotion regulation / mood management | — |
| 创伤后应激障碍 | PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) | 缩写常用 |
| 睡眠障碍 | sleep disorder | — |
| 亚健康 | sub-health | — |
阅读中常见的考法:题干问作者对“心理健康问题”的态度,文章往往指出社会忽视、资源不足等,选项中会出现“insufficient attention”“need for more support”等。
写作可用句型:
> Mental health is as important as physical health, yet it often receives less attention. Schools and workplaces should establish counseling services and reduce stigma around seeking help.
六、考场翻译应急策略
6.1 不会译某个疾病/药品名称怎么办?
- 用上义词替代:不会“心肌梗死”→ heart disease;不会“抗生素”→ medicine / drug。
- 用功能描述:不会“化疗”→ treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer cells。
- 优先保证核心意思传达:评分为总体印象分,留空必扣分,换种说法可能得分。
6.2 数字与单位的规范表达
医药健康类翻译常出现数据,表达必须规范:
| 中文 | 正确译法 | 错误译法 |
|------|----------|----------|
| 发病率 | incidence rate | sick rate |
| 死亡率 | mortality rate | death rate(虽可理解,但不专业)|
| 治愈率 | cure rate | — |
| 5年生存率 | 5-year survival rate | — |
| 体温38.5℃ | a temperature of 38.5 degrees Celsius | — |
| 血压120/80 | blood pressure of 120 over 80 | — |
6.3 常见动词搭配速查
| 中文 | 正确搭配 | 例句 |
|------|----------|------|
| 患病 | contract / develop / suffer from | He contracted COVID-19. |
| 治疗 | treat / cure / manage | cure强调治愈,manage强调控制慢性病 |
| 预防 | prevent / protect against | Vaccination prevents infection. |
| 接种疫苗 | be vaccinated / receive a vaccine | — |
| 隔离 | quarantine / isolate | Patients are isolated. |
| 检测 | test / screen | test for virus, screen for cancer |
考前速记口诀:
- 病毒用contract,症状用suffer from
- 治疗用treat,治愈才能用cure
- 预防用prevent,打针用vaccinate
- 隔离用quarantine(接触者)或isolate(确诊者)
附:医药健康类高频词分类速查表(考前过一遍)
| 类别 | 核心词 | 译法 |
|------|--------|------|
| 疾病 | 新冠肺炎 | COVID-19 |
| 疾病 | 高血压 | hypertension |
| 疾病 | 糖尿病 | diabetes |
| 疾病 | 抑郁症 | depression |
| 诊疗 | 核酸检测 | nucleic acid test |
| 诊疗 | 疫苗接种 | vaccination |
| 诊疗 | 副作用 | side effect |
| 预防 | 社交距离 | social distancing |
| 预防 | 健康码 | health code |
| 医保 | 全民医保 | universal medical coverage |
| 医保 | 报销 | reimburse |
| 心理健康 | 压力 | stress |
| 心理健康 | 心理咨询 | psychological counseling |
医药健康类翻译的得分关键在于“术语准确+搭配得当”。考前把上面表格里的核心词过两遍,重点关注“COVID-19”“hypertension”“vaccination”“social distancing”“mental health”等高频词,并熟悉常见动词搭配。遇到不会的专业术语,用上义词或功能描述替代,确保核心意思传达清楚。